绿色中国与和谐社会:2008年寒假调研

  2008年1-3月,我会资助了清华大学、中国人民大学、中央民族大学等校的四支研究生队伍,继续进行“绿色中国与和谐社会”的调研。其成果报告中英文摘要如下:
  QNDY0801
  厦门PX事件始末
  2007年6月,福建厦门发生一起针对PX化工项目的游行,并成为近年来影响最大、关注最多的一次环保运动。2008年3月,通过对厦门PX事件进行实地调研,访谈当事人近二十人,结合之前媒体对PX事件的广泛报道,我们试图更加全面的了解PX事件的始末。
  在调研和报告撰写过程中,我们重点关注和回答了四个问题:第一,为什么在游行前体制内的解决手段失效?我们发现,在PX游行之前,各种正常渠道的上访、专家咨询会、全国政协会议提案等手段都没有有效的促成PX项目的公开、科学和全面论证,现有地方政治权力过于集中是最重要的原因。
  第二,游行为什么能够得到成功的动员?我们认为,在缺乏运动组织和领导的情况下,厦门市成长中的公民社会和信息的广泛传播是游行得以有效动员的重要因素。
  第三,游行过程为什么较为平和,警民双方为何没有发生冲突?在游行过程中,游行队伍涌现出了一些了解现代社会运动和中国政治特征的领导者,而地方政府相关部门特别是警察对于游行的同情、理解甚至变通执行命令、暗中保护游行者是游行得以和平进行的最重要因素?
  最后,以厦门PX运动为代表的环保运动给我们思考中国的政治发展和社会稳定提供什么样的启示?我们在建议部分认为:应该开放更多的制度化政治参与渠道,应该建设中央行政科层体系,建设强有力的行政机构并有效贯彻政策,应该依照宪法合法化和制度化集体行动,应该宽容和鼓励公民社会和NGO组织的成长。
  QNDY0801
  PX Movement in Xiamen
  Anti-PX movement at Xiamen in June, 2007 is the most great and influential environmental movement in recent years in China. By the field work in Xiamen and interviewing of near twenty related persons in March, 2008, and also through reading the extensive coverage of the movement, we attempt to know more about it.In the process of investigation and writing, we focus on four puzzles. First, why institutionalized means failed to solve the environmental problem before the march? We find that many ways, including appeal through general channel, expert consultation and the overture in the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference could not cause open, scientific and overall examination of the PX project. The failure should mostly be attributed to the over-centralized power of local government. Second, why the march could be successfully mobilized? In our opinion, under the condition of lacking movement organization and leaders, the emerging civil society in Xiamen and wide spread of information were the most important reasons of successful mobilization of anti-PX movement. Thirdly, why the march was peaceful and was there no violent conflict between police and participants? The temporary leader who was familiar with the political feature of China and modern social movement, and the police who understood the march and protected the participants were the key factor. Lastly, what does the anti-PX movement and the like give us for thinking about the political development and social stability in the transition age of China? We suggest that the government should open more institutionalized channels for political participation, build strong administrative system to implement the policy from the central government, legalize and institutionalize the collective action according to the Constitution, tolerate and encourage the development of civil society and NGOs.
  QNDY0802
  水危机事件中的环保NGO与构建和谐社会的思考
  ——以圆明园湖底“防渗”事件和松花江水污染事件为例
  本文通过北京“自然之友”以及黑龙江省“绿色龙江”这两个环保NGO的相关活动为调研线索,对2005年4月北京圆明园湖底“防渗”事件所引发的听证会以及该年11月哈尔滨松花江水污染救助两事件进行了回顾和对比,详细的记录在调研中所访谈者亲历那两件水危机事件的感受,包括当时的所见所闻、现在的所思所想。以此为基础,文章展现了一幅随着工业化高速发展同时,中国面临形势更加严峻灾难形势的图画。文章认为自由是社会发展的源泉,民众的恰当参与是解决问题的良策,在灾难中,尽管政府毫无疑问为救灾进行了卓有成效的行动,是民众所依赖的力量,但是居民的自救,尤其是灾害之初,有着不可替代的作用;灾害中的环保NGO也扮演着重要角色,既是政府的“同盟军”,又是民众的“贴心人”,对社会危机有着特殊的敏感性,是防灾的排头兵,但体制问题束缚了环保NGO等民间力量的进一步发挥。
  鉴于中国目前由于体制弊端而造成防灾、抗灾的效果受到极大牵制的局面,并为未来经济的高速发展隐含了社会危机,为此,文章探讨性的提出了在灾害中成长社会和谐的思路:(1)“法治”应当以促进社会善良为目的;(2)“发展”的制度应当尊重人性;(3)制度创新是改革的核心;(4)在危机中成长社会和谐。最后,文章以“为什么民主国家没有饥荒”的思考为引导,总结了工业化时代防灾救灾的经验教训,再次强调民众恰当的参与制度对建设和谐社会的重要性。
  QNDY0802
  Environmental NGO in the Water Crisis:Case Study between “Leakage Prevention” Program for Winter Palace and Water Pollution for Song Hua River
  cording to the clue of environmental NGO, Friends of Nature and Green-longjiang, we recall the two accidents of scarce water, which are the lake of Yuan-Min-Yuan and the polluted water in Song-Hua-Jiang River (2005). In the investigation, we wrote the undergoing of those residents in these environmental accidents. Those materials show that there are signified scientific disasters by industrialization. Obviously, the elixir is freedom, as to resolving Hi-tech disasters are the anticipation of Civilians. Although the government is powerful and prestigious in disasters, the resident is also important, especially at the beginning. Nowadays some environmental NGOs play meaningful roles in disasters, who are good friends not only with government but residents. NGOs are usually insensible on social crisis and detect before the bursting of disasters. Unfortunately, a problem of social system pulls their lags.
  By virtue of the malpractice of social system, the achievement for anti-disaster is exploited, and restrains the promising economy in China with talent danger from disasters. Therefore, the article reads a thought to construct a harmonious society in Hi-tech disaster era: Firstly, the aim of ruling of law should promote the social conscience; Secondly, the system of social development should respect human-nature.; thirdly, new system should be created with reforming; fourthly, construct a harmonious society in disaster. In the end part, the writer draws a conclusion for Hi-tech disaster, which is guided by a theory of why there is no hungry in democratic country. Simultaneously it is stressed on constructing the harmonious society by the proper anticipation of civilians.
  QNDY0803
  关于流域生态补偿实践的调研:以浙江德清县为例
  本报告针对德清县西部生态补偿机制的由来、机制设计、实施效果、问题总结与探索、对流域生态补偿的反思五个方面展开。
  1、德清西部生态补偿机制是德清县西部生态环境保护与发展政策体系的有机组成部分,其发育过程是自发和渐进的,受多种因素的综合作用,包括:生态县的创建、饮用水源地的保护、旅游业的发展、西部乡镇企业的自主外迁、西部乡镇生态保护能力和责任的差距等。
  2、补偿机制的设计分为直接补偿和间接补偿两个层次,直接补偿指生态补偿资金机制,属于“小补偿”,间接补偿包括西部生态保护与发展规划、保障型财政体制、领导班子考核,属于“大补偿”。
  3、补偿机制的实施效果较好,主要包括保障西部乡镇政府的公共支出、提高德清县整体的环境意识水平、保护饮用水源地和积累生态资产、促进了生态、经济与社会的协调发展。
  4、补偿机制目前存在的问题主要是如何将激励生态保护与鼓励合理的生态开发结合起来,如何保证补偿资金来源的稳定,如何提高资金的使用效率等问题。
  5、通过调研,对流域生态补偿的反思主要集中在以下三点:(1)限制和禁止开发对当地并不是坏事,不要急躁!(2)生态补偿需要一个系统性的政策安排,不要只盯着钱看!(3)生态开发需要保护农民权益,要让农民入股!
  QNDY0803
  Field Research for Ecological Compensation over River Basins—Case Study in Deqing County, Zhejiang Province
  The report focus on the ecological compensation mechanism at western Deqing County, including five aspects: the origin, mechanism design, implementation effect, summarizing and exploration, reflect on the ecological compensation in watersheds.
  (1) The ecological compensation mechanism is an integral part of eco-system and environmental protection and development policy in western Deqing County. The development of the mechanism is a voluntary and gradual process, affected by the combination of many factors, including: the eco-county development, drinking water source protection, tourism development, the western township enterprises’ voluntary resettlement, the ecological protection capabilities and responsibilities gap between the western townships;
  (2) There are two levels of the compensation mechanism designed into direct and indirect compensation. The direct compensation is a "small compensation", that means a financial ecological compensation mechanism, while the indirect compensation, including the western ecological protection and development planning, indemnificatory financial system, leadership assessment , is a "broad compensation";
  (3) The implementation of the compensation mechanism performed well, as the public expenditure of the township government has been ensured, the awareness of environmental protection has been improved, the drinking water sources has been protected and ecological assets accumulated, and the coordinate development of the ecological, economic and social has been promoted.
  (4) The problems of the compensation mechanism including how to combine the encouragement reasonable of ecological protection and ecological development, how to ensure stable funding sources for the compensation, and how to improve the efficiency of the funds.
  (5) Through the research, we have reflected on the watersheds ecological compensation mainly concentrated in the following three points:
  The restrictions and prohibitions on local development is not a bad thing, not impatient! The ecological compensation needs a systematic policy arrangements, not only focused on the money! The ecological development needs to protect rights and interests of farmers, to help them to become shareholders!
  QNDY0804
  网络传播在公众舆论形成中的角色
  ——以六里屯垃圾焚烧发电项目为例
  QNDY0804
  本文通过对北京市海淀区六里屯垃圾焚烧发电厂缓建一事所做的全面调研,了解了六里屯电厂事件的原委,对事件的始末进行了全面而详细的梳理,比较客观地分析了网络传播在“反对在六里屯建垃圾焚烧发电厂”公众舆论形成中的作用,即议题设置、融合观点、提供信息、精神支持与情绪宣泄和为意见领袖提供空间等作用,并对其他传播形式对此事件的作用及与网络传播的互动做了简要分析,接着提出了目前网络论坛在公众参与事件中的缺点,如言辞非理性、维护参差不齐、影响有限等,并针对网络论坛存在的有关问题给出了一些可操作性的建议,力求改善网络论坛本身,更好地在公众事件中发挥其积极作用,最大程度上避免消极作用。最后,文章对政府和媒体如何更好地利用网络论坛进行了初步探索,当今社会,网络媒体应该成为政府与公众交流和沟通的良好平台,成为避免群众性事件发生的有力工具。
  The Role of Network in Public Opinion:Case Study of Garbage Burning Program for Power Generation in Liulitun of Beijing
  On the basis of thorough research about the building deferment of Liulitun dump burning power plant, located in Beijing Haidian district, this paper organizes the whole story, and describes the behavior of every party scrupulously. And then this paper analyzes the functions of cyber communication performed in this story, which are agenda setting, integration of viewpoint, information supply, spiritual maintenance, emotional platform as well as giving space for opinion leader. After general analysis of the roles other communication forms played in this story, it puts forward the drawbacks of cyber-forum in public event, which are emotional and rational words, different maintenance quality and limit influence. And it also gives some practical advices. At last, the paper primarily studies how government and mass media can better use the Internet to serve and benefit our people.
  
  

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